Eugenics Moves to the Twenty-First
Century From the elimination of undesirables from
the human race; mass culling in the name of saving the earth;
to altering the genetic code of humanity with advanced technology;
eugenics has moved into a new era.
Comment: This report is not meant to be a comprehensive history
of eugenics. The initial article that I was going to write was
less than half of what you will read here, but as I investigated
this area I discovered how ignorant I was as to how expansive
this topic is. Initially researching John D. Rockefeller, a Pandora's
box of information opened up, inevitably leading to the topic
of this article. I hope that this information will help you come
to a greater understanding of this subject, and to warn others
of its grave dangers.
From the elimination of undesirables from
the human race; mass culling in the name of saving the earth;
to altering the genetic code of humanity with advanced technology:
Eugenics has moved into a new era.
What is eugenics?
The word eugenics comes from the Greek
words eus (good or well) and genēs (born) meaning
"well born". The American Heritage dictionary of the
English language describes eugenics as, "The study of hereditary
improvement of the human race by controlled selective breeding."
Sir Francis Galton was the man who coined the term, and developed
the first eugenic policies. Galton expressed distress at the lack
of emphasis on the betterment of the human race during his time,
comparing men and women of his day to "pariah dogs".
In 1864,
Galton wrote in an article titled "Hereditary
Character and Talent," published in
two parts in MacMillan's Magazine,
"If a twentieth part of the cost
and pains were spent in measures for the improvement of the
human race that is spent on the improvement of the breed of
horses and cattle, what a galaxy of genius might we not create!
We might introduce prophets and high priests of civilization
into the world, as surely as we can propagate idiots by mating
cretins. Men and women of the present day are, to those
we might hope to bring into existence, what the pariah dogs
of the streets of an Eastern town are to our own highly-bred
varieties."
(Article continues below)
The history of eugenics in America is filled
with controversy and harrowing stories of forced sterilization
throughout many U.S. states. In 2002 Mark
R. Warner, the governor of Virginia issued an apology for the
thousands of individuals that the state had sterilized from
1924 to 1979. USA Today reported on
the governors statement,
"With the governor's statement Thursday, Virginia becomes
the only of the 30 states that conducted eugenics sterilizations
to apologize. There are believed to be more than 60,000 eugenics
victims nationwide.
'Today, I offer the commonwealth's sincere
apology for Virginia's participation in eugenics,' Warner said.
'As I have previously noted, the eugenics
movement was a shameful effort in which state government never
should have been involved," he said. 'We must remember
the commonwealth's past mistakes in order to prevent them from
recurring.'"
The aristocratic, wealthy elite of America
played a central role in the development of eugenics in America
and abroad. Two such elite families
are the Rockefellers and the Carnegies.
In 1902, Andrew Carnegie founded the Carnegie
Institute which among other things, funded the Eugenics Record
Office in America. The ERO (1910-1944) operated from Cold Spring
Harbor in New York. Eugenics policies, which led to the sterilization
of thousands of Americans, were developed in this office.
The Rockefellers, perhaps more so, were
also heavily involved with eugenics. Rockefeller influence in
American eugenics can be traced to the beginnings of Cold Spring
Harbor Laboratories. John D. Rockefeller, along with Averell Harriman
gave $11 million to create
the facility in the early 1900's. Rockefeller influence also spread
overseas to Germany, where the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Psychiatry,
and the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Eugenics, Anthropology and
Human Heredity resided. Much of the money used to run these facilities
came
from Rockefeller. These weren't just average scientific
institutes; the Kaiser Wilhelm Institutes would become
the center for Nazi eugenics programs.
As documented by Gary Allen in "The
Rockefeller File" the Rockefellers continue to give
money to eugenics and population control related organizations,
"In 1970, the Rockefeller Brothers
Fund gave $500,000 to the Population Council. The Rockefeller
Foundation gave ecology grants of $10,000 to the New School
for Social Research, and $10,000 to the Population Reference
Bureau."
In 1973, the Rockefeller Foundation again
gave $500,000 to to the Population Council and $25,000 to the
Population Crisis Committee, while the Rockefeller Brothers Fund
gave $250,000 to the Population Council, and $250,000 to the Population
Institute.
The Population Council was founded by John
D. Rockefeller the 3rd in 1952. The first president of the Council,
Frederick Osborn, was appointed by Rockefeller. Osborn was the
leader of the American Eugenics Society, and member of the Galton
Society, founded in 1918.
Osborn stated in the 1956 edition of "The
Eugenics Review" that,
"...the reasons advanced must be
generally acceptable reasons. Let's stop telling anyone that
they have a genetically inferior genetic quality, for they will
never agree. Let's base our proposals on the desirability of
having children born in homes where they will get affectionate
and responsible care, and perhaps our proposals will be accepted.
It seems to me that if it is to progress as it should, eugenics
must follow new policies and state its case anew, and that from
this rebirth we may, even in our own lifetime, see it moving
at last towards the high goals which Galton set for it."
Killing to save the earth
Since the early days of eugenics, a new
"brand" of this science has emerged in modern times.
The environmental branch of eugenics believes that, due to overpopulation,
measures must be taken to either impede population growth through
various eugenic policies, or take drastic measures to eliminate
living human beings from the earth. Unlike those who advocate
eugenics to to strictly rid humanity of "undesirables,"
some advocate the culling of humanity in general in order to save
planet earth.
Many globalist initiatives surround environmental
issues, one of which has been population control
and reduction.
John Glad, a professor of Russian studies
who has taught at several universities and worked for the Woodrow
Wilson International Center for Scholars, wrote a book titled
"Future
Human Evolution: Eugenics in the Twenty-First Century."
In the introduction, Glad writes,
"Eugenics views itself as the fourth
leg of the chair of civilization, the other three being a) a
thrifty expenditure of natural resources, b) mitigation of environmental
pollution, and c) maintenance of a human population not exceeding
the planet’s carrying capacity. Eugenics, which can be
thought of as human ecology, is thus part and parcel of the
environmental movement."
Notable quotes:
"In order to stabilize world
population, we must eliminate 350,000 people per day.
It is a horrible thing to say, but it's just as bad not
to say it." - Jacques Cousteau
"The world has a cancer,
and that cancer is man." - Merton Lambert, former
spokesman for the Rockefeller foundation
"...The first task is population
control at home. How do we go about it? Many of my colleagues
feel that some sort of compulsory birth regulation would
be necessary to achieve such control. One plan often mentioned
involves the addition of temporary sterilants to water
supplies or staple food. Doses of the antidote would be
carefully rationed by the government to produce the desired
population size." - Paul Ehrlich, The Population
Bomb, p.130-131
"If I were reincarnated I
would wish to be returned to earth as a killer virus to
lower human population levels." - Prince Phillip,
Duke of Edinburgh, leader of the World Wildlife Fund -
quoted in "Are You Ready For Our New Age Future?,"
Insiders Report, American Policy Center, December
'95
"A total population of 250-300
million people, a 95% decline from present levels, would
be ideal." - Ted Turner - CNN founder and UN
supporter - quoted in the McAlvany Intelligence Advisor,
June '96
"Even though it is quite true that any radical eugenic
policy will be for many years politically and psychologically
impossible, it will be important for UNESCO to see that
the eugenic problem is examined with the greatest care,
and that the public mind is informed of the issues at
stake so that much that now is unthinkable may at least
become thinkable." - Sir Julian Huxley, first director
general of UNESCO (1946-1948)
U.N. Complicit in Forced Sterilizations There
is compelling evidence that the United Nations collaborated
in the forced sterilization of poor, rural women in Peru
from 1995 to 1997.
In 2004 the publication World Watch published
an article titled, "Global
Population Reduction: Confronting the Inevitable,"
by Ken Smail, a professor in the Anthropology department of Kenyon
College in Ohio. In this article, Smail proposes that the earth's
carrying capacity will reach, or has reached already, its limit.
In what Smail calls a modern day "Malthusian dilemma",
he cites measures to merely slow population growth as being inefficient,
stating that,
"Looking past the near-term concerns
that have plagued population policy at the political level,
it is increasingly apparent that the long-term sustainability
of civilization will require not just a leveling-off of human
numbers as projected over the coming half-century, but
a colossal reduction in both population and consumption."
[emphasis added]
Smail says that a large scale global population
reduction is inevitable, but that there are two possible ways
for this to happen,
"That there will be a large-scale
reduction in global human numbers over the next two or three
centuries
appears to be inevitable. The primary issue seems to be whether
this process will be under conscious human control and (hopefully)
relatively benign, or whether it will turn out to be unpredictably
chaotic and (perhaps) catastrophic."
The new eugenics
"Eugenic goals are most likely
to be attained under another name than eugenics." - Frederick
Osborn
Since the founding of eugenics, the movement
has changed, but it has retained its core goals over the years.
Thomas H. Campbell of the University of California believes that
the eugenics model of Galton is outdated and impractical, as do
many other scientists. Instead of relying on breeding "better
humans," without the intervention of technology, many scientists
believe that technological means should be employed to further
our "evolution." With the rise of advanced scientific
technologies, the ability to alter the genetic code of living
organisms, and the augmentation of human bodies has become a reality.
Some individuals who are involved with the modern eugenics movement
see the rise of these capabilities as an opportunity to create
or alter human beings to acquire the most "desirable traits"
and rid humanity of traits deemed "undesirable".
Is there a link between eugenics and
the Human Genome Project? If so, what does this mean for future
generations?
During the 34 years (1910-1944) the Eugenics
Records Office was active, it collected information on specific human
traits in what was called The Trait Book. Also
collected was information on "Pedigree" families and
their specific traits. Today, the Human Genome project is in effect
carrying on what the Eugenics Records Office could only dream
of.
James Watson, who began
the initial research for the Human Genome Project, directed the
operation from 1988-1992. Watson then served as director at the
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory and would eventually become president
of the Laboratory in 1994. Watson's beliefs about the betterment
of mankind mirror those of past eugenics leaders.
Watson is quoted as saying at a 1998 UCLA
conference that,
"I mean, sure, we have great respect
for the human species .... But evolution can be just damn cruel,
and to say that we've got a perfect genome and there's some
sanctity to it, I'd just like to know where that idea comes
from. It's utter silliness. And the other thing, because no
one really has the guts to say it, I mean, if we could make
better human beings by knowing how to add genes, why shouldn't
we do it?"
Celera Genomics
Craig Venter caused many to question his
ethics when he moved to found Celera Genomics in 1998, carrying
the study of the human genome into the private sector, using the
"shotgun strategy" to sequence the human genome at a
faster clip than the public project.
In a press release dated March 1, 2001,
Celera Genomics announced that it signed a "multi-year agreement"
with AMDeC LLC to "allow member institutions to access Celera's
database information [Human Genome data] through its Celera Discovery
System." Some of those member institutions included Rockefeller
University, and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Interestingly,
Rockefeller University was founded by John D. Rockefeller in 1901
with a dedication to biomedical research. Today, David Rockefeller,
grandson to John D. Rockefeller Jr., is the Chairman of the Rockefeller
University Council.
Venter further maddened fellow scientists
when
he moved to patent human genes. Serious ethical
discussions took place after the first attempts to patent human
genes, but ultimately the decision stood to allow patenting. The
United States Patent and Trademark Office issued guidelines on
patenting. The American Medical Association
describes the guidelines,
"The rules are intended to help
end a bitter debate on gene patenting. These regulations have
put to rest any question about whether genes can be patented
at all -- making it clear that companies may indeed patent both
whole genes as well as pieces of genes..."
The guidelines allow patenting when the
those applying for a patent on a gene show a "utility"
for the gene. The AMA goes on to state that arguments were heard
opposing the decision based on the fact that these genes were
not created by anyone, and thus could not be patented. The AMA
describes how the Patent office rejected these ideas,
"The PTO firmly rejected this notion
based upon the fact that a gene may be removed from a person,
then a clone of that gene may be made in a machine, which is
then not a part of nature, but a product of the lab."
The apex of a futuristic eugenics program
comes with the advent of designer babies, embryos that are genetically
enhanced through various methods. The knowledge gathered through
the study of the human genome will, according to some, lead to
the ability to create such designer babies.
In 2000, the BBC aired a documentary called
"Who's
Afraid of Designer Babies?" Featured in this
clip is Lee M. Silver, professor at Princeton University and former
investigator for Cold Spring Harbor (1980-1984).
The future is now: Genetically altered
babies already born
There is still doubt among scholars and
scientists that the Human Genome Project will lead to a new eugenics
program, such as designer babies. They cite limitations on current
technology and the need for further research as reasons for this
position. However, unknown to many, genetically altered babies
have already been born. The implications of this development are
immense, but it has received little attention. Because these babies
were "created" in the private sector and the lab did
not receive government funding, there were no governmental restrictions
on what could be done. As
Wired magazine reported in
2001,
"Researchers have genetically-altered
humans for the first time, but experts question the moral implications
of tinkering with the unborn.
The scientists weren't looking
to create genetically-enhanced Michael Jordans or
Anna Kournikovas. Rather, they repaired the defective
eggs of prospective mothers by injecting them with
DNA from the eggs of healthy donors.
But regardless of the scientists'
intentions, they've created the first human offspring
with changes to their "germline," or the
genes they'll pass on to future generations. In
this case, the babies' genes contain DNA from two
women instead of just one.
Researchers at the
Institute
for Reproductive Medicine and Science of Saint Barnabas
in West Orange, New
Jersey, have achieved 15 births using the technique.
In their paper, published in the March 2001 issue
of the Human Reproduction
journal, they say at least 15 additional healthy
babies have been born as a result of this technique
in other labs.
The researchers performed
the fertilizations in 1997 and 1998. In March, they
published data on the results of DNA fingerprint
tests on two of the children, each one year old,
confirming that they contain a small quantity of
additional genes not inherited from either parent.
Most scientists consider
altering the germline unethical, since no one knows
what the long-term effects might be. The researchers,
however, are confident the technique is safe."
What will the future look
like?
What will the future hold in a world in
which eugenics, utilizing advanced technology, has become a reality?
Lee Silver describes
in his book "Cloning and Beyond in a Brave New World",
a future scenario in which humanity splits into two distinct classes,
the "GenRich" and the "GenPoor."
"The GenRich--who account for 10
percent of the American population--all carry synthetic genes.
Genes that were created in the laboratory....The GenRich are
a modern-day hereditary class of genetic aristocrats....All
aspects of the economy, the media, the entertainment industry,
and the knowledge industry are controlled by members of the
GenRich class."
Those who are not as fortunate to have
access to genetic modification, called "Naturals" by
Silver, will "...work as low-paid service providers or
as laborers."
Bertrand Russel says in "The Impact
of Science on Society" (1953) on pages 49-50 that,
"Gradually, by selective breeding,
the congenital differences between rulers and ruled will increase
until they become almost different species. A revolt of the
plebs would become as unthinkable as an organized insurrection
of sheep against the practice of eating mutton."
Hollywood has apparently been keeping up
to date on genetic technologies, adding their own theatrical twist.
The movie "Gattaca", released in 1997, portrays a despotic
future world in which designer babies are born every day, and
the perfection of genes has become the center of society.
Watch the Gattaca trailer:
Thomas H. Campbell of the University
of California believes that humanity is destined to gain access
to methods of "autoevolution." Writing in his paper,
"The
Moral Imperative of Our Future Evolution",
Campbell describes future technologies and their eugenic implications.
Campbell praises eugenics policies, and cites the Human Genome
Project as a positive development in the identification of "defective"
genes.
"We have catalogued defective genes
behind a variety of dreadful neurological and metabolic disorders
as parts of programs to eliminate them eugenically. Our systematic
mapping of the human genome will identify many others. Everyone
applauds the goal of purging these defects in our heredity -
notwithstanding quibbles over the ethics of the techniques of
amniocentesis, abortion and even contraception. I emphatically
embrace this eugenic program even though its evolutionary impact
is insignificant. Most defective genes are rare, and their total
elimination does little for evolution except squeeze the range
of variation of humans."
"We probably will begin our interventions
into brain and embryonic development with drugs and hormones
and subsequently engineer the desirable intrusions into the
genome. Then, after a further generation of accumulating biological
information about individual gene function, developmental pathways,
and the neural substrate of brain function, evolutionists probably
will write novel genes for these traits from scratch using a
DNA synthesizer."
"Of course, the methods for evolving
our genetics extend beyond biotechnology. Ultra-sophisticated
parallel processing computers and software programs will predictively
model how particular gene configurations translate into phenotype,
and how particular phenotypic traits can be engineered into
developmental pathways. As a start, new computer technology
is being developed today as an integral part of the human genome
project."
Campbell, like others, says that future
genetic technologies will be extremely expensive, leaving the
average person out of the loop. Campbell expresses his approval
of this expense due to the fact that only the "most successful
generative lines" will have access to these technologies.
"The costs will be enormous, far
beyond what most people could afford. This has kept our democratic
society from appreciating that these possibilities will be used
and will be important. However, their feasibility cannot be
judged from what the average person will be willing to pay to
procreate. What matters are the resources that the most successful
generative lines will be able to apply to their goals. A million
dollars per conception seems a great underestimate to me for
the beings who hold evolution's frontier."
The legacy of Galton, John D., and Carnegie
lives on. Though terms have changed, the names of organizations
altered, the methods of propagandizing the public reformed; the
ideology behind eugenics is being carried into the twenty-first
century, and a new eugenics is creeping into our society. Will
humanity as we know it today become a fossil as some have proposed?
Public awareness is the key. The information contained in this
report needs to be spread far and wide, for the future of humanity
as we know it depends on it.